November 12, 2024
The Proper Way to Perform CPR: A Step-by-Step Guide
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving procedure performed when someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped, such as in cases of cardiac arrest. Knowing how to perform CPR correctly can make a critical difference in someone's survival. Here's a step-by-step guide on the proper way to administer CPR, based on the latest guidelines from the American Heart Association (AHA).
1. Assess the Situation
Before starting CPR, quickly assess the situation to ensure it's safe for you to approach the individual. Check for any dangers, like live wires or hazardous materials. Next, determine if the person is responsive by shouting at them and gently shaking their shoulders. If they do not respond and show no signs of normal breathing, call 911 or direct someone else to do so. Prompt emergency help is essential, even if you know CPR.
2. Positioning for Chest Compressions
Lay the person on their back on a firm, flat surface. Kneel beside them and position your hands on their chest. Place the heel of one hand in the center of their chest (over the lower half of the sternum) and place your other hand on top, interlocking your fingers. Keep your elbows straight, and position your shoulders directly above your hands for effective compressions.
3. Performing Chest Compressions
Chest compressions are the most crucial component of CPR. For adults, press down hard and fast at least two inches deep into the chest. Perform compressions at a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute. It can help to count out loud or to follow the rhythm of the song "Stayin' Alive" by the Bee Gees to maintain the correct pace. Allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions to ensure optimal blood flow.
For children and infants, adjust the compression depth to about one-third the depth of their chest. For infants, use two fingers instead of both hands, and for children, use only one hand if both seem excessive.
4. Rescue Breaths (if Trained)
Rescue breaths are generally recommended only if you are trained in CPR and feel comfortable administering them. After 30 chest compressions, open the person's airway by tilting their head back and lifting their chin. Pinch their nose shut, seal your mouth over theirs, and give two slow breaths. Each breath should make the chest rise visibly but should not be forceful. Resume chest compressions immediately after the two breaths.
If you are not trained in rescue breathing, or are uncomfortable with it, the American Heart Association advises continuing hands-only CPR (chest compressions only) until professional help arrives.
5. Continue Until Help Arrives
Continue performing CPR, alternating between 30 compressions and two breaths if trained, until emergency medical personnel arrive or the person begins to breathe on their own. If an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is available, have someone retrieve it, turn it on, and follow its voice instructions. AEDs can help restore a normal heartbeat by delivering a shock, which can be essential in cases of sudden cardiac arrest.
Special Considerations for CPR
In some situations, CPR may require slight adjustments. For example, when performing CPR on pregnant women, shift the person slightly to their left to avoid compressing major blood vessels. For drowning victims, prioritize rescue breaths if you're trained to do so.
Final Thoughts
CPR is an essential skill that could mean the difference between life and death. The American Heart Association recommends that everyone learn and stay updated on CPR techniques through hands-on classes or virtual training courses. By mastering this skill, you empower yourself to potentially save a life.